’’ 复杂系统中(我将生活也归入其中)那些通常可忽略不计的次要因素,会由于偶然性而在某些时候导致重大事情的发生’’


书籍名称:
《醉汉的脚步》
基础信息:[英] Leonard Mlodinow / 2010 / 湖南科学技术出版社
豆瓣评分:8.6/10
豆瓣链接:https://book.douban.com/subject/4926595/
读完时间:2012-07-11 10:03:46
我的评分:3.0/5.0
我的标签:#2012
免责声明:本页面所发布的笔记仅用于分享我在阅读过程中的摘录、总结和反思。内容大多为书中原文或书中观点的简要提炼,并不代表我个人的立场、意见或价值观。书中观点仅供参考,如需深入了解或采纳,请参考书籍的原始内容。

 


阅读笔记:

笔记

庞加莱和面包师
1. 庞加莱(法国)为面包称重,平均重量950,而不是1000。投诉,面包大了些。可是还是觉得有些不对劲,随后的一年中,他仔细称量面包,平均值接近1000,但分布没有随着钟形曲线逐渐减少,他的面包里面偏轻的太少,偏重的多。庞加莱得出结论,面包师并没有停止制作缺斤少两的面包,只不过总是拿手头最大的面包来安慰他罢了。警察再次造访,面包师相当震惊。

连续的成败
1. 生活中的方方面面都能碰到连续成功或失败,或其他特定的成功与失败的模式。不管是那种模式,生活中重要的是将 眼光放长远,并能理解不管是连续的成功还是失败,或是其他看起来不像随机序列的模式,都确实可能是纯运气的结果,同样重要的是,当评价他人时,我们应该认识到,在一大群人中,如果有人没有经历过连续的成功或失败,才是奇怪的事。

控制权与随机性
1. 因此 ,在自觉掌握控制权的需要与认识随机性的能力之间,存在着根本的冲突,同时也是错误解释随机时间的主要原因之一。实际上,诱使人们将幸运误认为是能力,或将无目的的行为误认为是在进行控制,是心理学研究者最容易做到的事情。

避免在机械决定论的框架内形成判断
1. 我们可以很容易地编出故事来解释过去或者对不确定的未来发展变得充满信心,我们不必因为这些做法中存在陷阱而不予采用。不过,我们可以努力使自己对直觉的错误产生免疫力,我们可以学会用怀疑的眼光去看待解释和预言;我们可以更注重对时间作出反应的素质,如灵活性、信心、勇气和坚毅,而非依赖于对事件发生的预测能力;我们可以更看中直接的第一印象,而非看中那些大肆张扬的当年之勇。如此就能避免在机械决定论的框架内形成判断。

生活这一复杂系统
1. 复杂系统中(生活也归入其中),那些通常被忽略不计的次要因素,会由于偶然性而在某些时候导致重大事件的发生。

名词解释

芝诺悖论

古希腊数学家芝诺(Zeno of Elea)提出的一系列关于运动的不可分性的哲学悖论。这些悖论由于被记录在亚里士多德的《物理学》一书中而为后人所知。芝诺提出这些悖论是为了支持他老师巴门尼德关于“存在”不动、是一的学说。这些悖论是芝诺反对存在运动的论证其中最著名的两个是:“阿喀琉斯/阿基里追乌龟”和“飞矢不动”。

吉罗拉莫·卡尔达诺

吉罗拉莫·卡尔达诺(Girolamo Cardano,1501年9月24日-1576年9月21日),意大利文艺复兴时期百科全书式的学者,主要成就在数学、物理、医学方面。名字的英文拼法为Jerome Cardan,所以也称卡当诺。

加州彩票 (规则 玩儿法)
California State Lottery

A pair of the California Lottery’s original tickets, purchased October 3, 1985 that are unscratched
The California State Lottery, also known as the California Lottery, began on November 6, 1984, after California voters passed Proposition 37, the California State Lottery Act of 1984, authorizing the creation of a lottery. The first tickets were purchased on October 3, 1985.

Lottery ActThe California State Lottery Act of 1984 was intended to provide more money to schools without imposing extra taxes. Accordingly, the Lottery was required to provide at least 34% of its revenues to public education, supplementing (not replacing) other funds provided by California. Another 50% of its revenues must be paid to the public in the form ofprizes, making a mandated minimum of 84% of all funds that must be given back to the public in the form of prizes or funds for public education. The remainder, a maximum of 16%, was to be spent on administration, such as salaries and running the games.
On April 8, 2010, Governor Schwarzenegger signed into law Assembly Bill 142 (Hayashi, D-Hayward).[1] Amending the Lottery Act, this bill reallocates Lottery revenues “so as to maximize the amount of funding allocated to public education.” As an urgency statute, this bill took effect immediately. The new allocation increased to at least 87% the portion of Lottery revenue returned to the public, and correspondingly decreased to a maximum of 13% the amount spent on administration. It then specified that “not less than 50% of the total annual Lottery revenues, in an amount to be determined by the commission, be returned to the public in the form of prizes.” This leaves “the commission to establish the percentage to be allocated to the benefit of public education at a level that maximizes the total net revenues allocated to the benefit of public education.” It also imposed requirements “to ensure continued growth in Lottery net revenues allocated to public education”, with annual procedures that would, “in any one of the first 5 full fiscal years after the enactment of this measure, … provide for the repeal of the changes made by this measure on the following January 1, and the prior law to be restored”, if those requirements were not then met.[2][3] This bill follows the practice of “other large state lottery systems, including Texas, North Carolina, and Florida, which have shown an increase in revenue through similar changes.”[4]
The Lottery Act mandates a five-member commission, appointed by the governor, to “oversee the Lottery and the Director” and make quarterly reports “to the Governor, the Attorney General, the Controller, the Treasurer, and the Legislature.” Annually the commission selects a chairperson. Regular meetings of the commission are held at least quarterly and are open to the public.[5]
The Lottery uses a pari-mutuel system to determine the size of each prize, such that prize values are not fixed, but depend on sales and the number of winning tickets. The Lottery does set fixed prize levels for its Hot Spot game (see below.) The minimum age for a person to purchase or redeem California Lottery tickets is 18.

帕斯卡赌注

法国数学家、物理学家、思想家布莱士·帕斯卡(Blaise Pascal)在其著作《思想录》中表达了著名的“帕斯卡的赌注”,即:我不知道上帝是否存在,但是我知道,如果他不存在,我作为无神论者没有任何好处,但是如果他存在,作为无神论者我将有很大的坏处。所以,我宁愿相信上帝存在。   帕斯卡认为每一个趋善避恶的人都该信上帝,他的想法是这样的:如果上帝存在而我信上帝,那么我会受到奖赏,如果上帝不存在而我信上帝,什么事情都不会发生,如果上帝存在而我不信上帝,那么我受到惩罚,如果上帝不存在而我不信上帝,什么事情都不会发生。由此可知,信上帝的人要么受到奖赏,要么没事,而无神论者要么下地狱要么没事,怎么看都是信神比较好。所以,如果一个人是趋善避恶的,他就应该信上帝,不然就不理性。

墨迹测验 / 罗夏克墨渍测验

墨迹测验或称为罗夏克墨渍测验是人格测验的投射技术之一,由瑞士精神医生罗夏克(Rorschach)于1921年最先编制。
测验由10张有墨渍的卡片组成,其中5张是白底黑墨水,2张是白底及黑色或红色的墨水,另外3张则是彩色的。受试者会被要求回答他们最初认为卡片看起来像什么及后来觉得像什么。心理学家再根据他们的回答及统计数据判断受试者的性格。

无政府主义

无政府主义(英文:Anarchism,),又译作安那其主义,是一系列政治哲学思想。其目的在于提升个人自由及废除政府当局与所有的政府管理机构。英语中的无政府主义“Anarchism”源于希腊语单词“αναρχία”,意思是没有统治者。所以被翻译成中文时,根据这一最基本的特征译成“无政府主义”,也有文献音译为“安那其主义”。无政府主义包含了众多哲学体系和社会运动实践。它的基本立场是反对包括政府在内的一切统治和权威,提倡个体之间的自助关系,关注个体的自由和平等;其政治诉求是消除政府以及社会上或经济上的任何独裁统治关系。对大多数无政府主义者而言,“无政府”一词并不代表混乱、虚无、或道德沦丧的状态,而是一种由自由的个体自愿结合,以建立互助、自治、反独裁主义的和谐社会。庄子被认为是最早的无政府主义者。
一如其他政治哲学思想,无政府主义包含不同的分支和流派。虽然他们都有着反对国家的共同特色,但却在其他议题上有着不同的立场,包括是否进行武装斗争、或以和平非暴力建立社会的问题上产生分歧,而在经济的观点上也有显著的差异,从主张财产彻底公有化的集体主义流派,至主张私人财产和自由市场的个人主义流派,政治光谱分布相当广泛。

Gallup Poll

The Gallup Poll is the division of Gallup that regularly conducts public opinion polls in more than 140 countries around the world. Gallup Polls are often referenced in the mass media as a reliable and objective audience measurement public opinion. Gallup Poll results, analyses, and videos are published daily on Gallup.com in the form of data-driven news.

Historically, the Gallup Poll has measured and tracked the public’s attitudes concerning virtually every political, social, and economic issue of the day, including highly sensitive or controversial subjects. In 2005, Gallup began its World Poll, which continually surveys citizens in more than 140 countries, representing 95% of the world’s adult population. General and regional-specific questions, developed in collaboration with the world’s leading behavioral economists, are organized into powerful indexes and topic areas that correlate with real-world outcomes.

Gallup Polls are best known for their accuracy in predicting the outcome of United States presidential elections. Notable exceptions include the 1948 Thomas Dewey-Harry S. Truman election, where nearly all pollsters predicted a Dewey victory. The Gallup Poll also inaccurately projected a slim victory by Gerald Ford in 1976, where he lost to Jimmy Carter by a small margin. For the 2008 U.S. presidential election, Gallup was rated 17th out of 23 polling organizations in terms of the precision of its pre-election polls relative to the final results.[4]

In 2008, Gallup interviewed no fewer than 1,000 U.S. adults each day, providing the most watched daily tracking poll of the race between John McCain and Barack Obama.[citation needed] Gallup publishes the results of its tracking survey in a three-day rolling average on Gallup.com.

Gallup conducts 1,000 interviews per day, 350 days out of the year, among both landline and cell phones across the U.S. for its health and well-being survey.[5]

征服者威廉 威廉一世 (英格兰)

征服者威廉(英文:William the Conqueror,约1028年-1087年9月9日),亦称英格兰的威廉一世(英文:William I of England,法文:Guillaume Ier d’Angleterre)或诺曼底的威廉二世(英文:William II of Normandy,法文:Guillaume II de Normandie),诺曼底公爵,1066年起成为英格兰的第一位诺曼人国王,直至1087年9月9日逝世。因其非婚姻出生,因此在他征服英格兰以前,被人称为“私生子威廉”。

为了坚持他对英国王位提出的要求,威廉于1066年领导一支由诺曼人、布列塔尼人、佛兰芒人和法国人(来自巴黎和法兰西岛)组成的军队入侵了英格兰,在黑斯廷斯战役中战胜了哈罗德二世的英国军队,并镇压了英国人随后的反抗,这就是著名的诺曼征服。在他统治时期,将诺曼-法兰西文化带到英格兰,对后来的英格兰中世纪时期产生了影响。影响的详细情况和改变的程度多个世纪以来被学者进行争论。除了明显的统治者的改变,他的统治也经历了从建立到巩固的过程,对英语的改变,社会和教会的上层等级的变化,并且采用了一些大陆上教会改革的观点。

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